Investigação do potencial erosivo de gomas de mascar não convencionais / Investigation the erosive potential of unconventional chewing gums

Objetivo: mensurar o potencial erosivo de gomas de mascar não convencionais disponíveis no mercado brasileiro. Material e método: estudo experimental (in vitro) de caráter quantitativo. Foram adquiridos oito sabores de gomas de mascar: Poosh® (pinta língua); Plutonita® (abraço congelante, dentada ardente, baba de bruxa e língua ácida); e TNT® (sangue, lava e tumba). Para análise da acidez, foram realizadas leituras em triplicata do pH e acidez titulável (AT), utilizando um potenciômetro e eletrodo combinado de vidro em soluções obtidas após a maceração das gomas de mascar em água duplamente deionizada. Nas soluções com valores de pH inferiores a 5,5, foi mensurada a AT adicionando-se alíquotas de 100 µLNaOH 0,1 M, até alcançar pH 5,5. Os resultados foram submetidos à Análise de Variância (ANOVA). As comparações das médias de pH e acidez titulável foram realizadas pelo teste de Tukey, com um nível de 5% de significância (p<0,05). Resultados: os valores de pH variaram entre 2,4 (abraço congelante) e 3,5 (baba de bruxa), diferin-do significantemente do controle (água mineral/pH=6,2). Os valores de acidez titulável variaram entre 628µL de NaOH 0,1 M (sangue) e 10700µL de NaOH 0,1 M (abraço congelante). A goma de mascar sabor abraço congelante apresentou o pH mais baixo e a mais elevada acidez titulável, diferindo significantemente dos demais sabores. Conclusões: as gomas de mascar avaliadas são ácidas, mas diferem quanto ao seu potencial erosivo. Seu consumo abusivo pode constituir um fator de risco para erosão dental.(AU)

Objective: to measure the erosive potential of non- -conventional chewing gums available in the Brazilian market. Material and methods: this is an in vitro study using the following flavors of chewing gums from the Brazilian market: Poosh® (tongue cleaner); Plutonita® (freezing hug, burning bite, witch slime and acid tongue); TNT® (blood, lava and tomb). For acidity analysis, pH and titratable acidity (TA) readings were performed in triplicate using a potentiometer and combined glass electrode in solutions obtained after maceration of the chewing gums in double deionized water. In solutions with pH values below 5.5, the TA was measured by adding aliquots of 100 µL 0.1 M NaOH, until pH 5.5 was reached. The results were submitted to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Comparisons of pH and titratable acidity means were performed by Tukey test at a 5% significance level (p<0.05). Results: the pH values that ranged from 2.4 (freezing hug) to 3.5 (witch's slime) differed significantly from the control (mineral water/ pH=6.2). Titratable acidity values ranged from 628µL of 0.1 M NaOH (blood) to 10700µL of 0.1 M NaOH (freezing hug). The freezing hug flavor chewing gum had the lowest pH and the highest titratable acidity differing significantly from the other flavors. Conclusions: the evaluated chewing gums are acidic, but differ in their erosive potential. Their abusive consumption may constitute a risk factor for dental erosion.(AU)

The role of human milk and sucrose on cariogenicity of microcosm biofilms.

This study investigated the effect of human milk, alone and associated with sucrose, in the cariogenicity of biofilms in a microcosm biofilm model and compared with the cariogenicity of sucrose and bovine milk. Microcosm biofilms were grown in enamel discs in 24-well plates. Six growth conditions were studied: DMM (chemically defined artificial saliva - negative control), DMM with 1% of sucrose (DMM+s) (positive control), human milk with DMM, human milk with DMM+s, bovine milk with DMM, and bovine milk with DMM+s. After 5 days, the outcome variables surface hardness change (%SHC), microbiological composition of biofilms, and pH of supernatant were analyzed. All groups had significantly lower hardness loss compared to the DMM group with 1% of sucrose. Human and bovine milk associated with sucrose showed higher hardness loss. The supernatant pH values after 6 hours of different treatments were similar for the groups sucrose and human milk associated with sucrose (p>0.05). After 18 hours at rest in pure DMM, an increase in the pH of the supernatant was observed. Higher values of total microorganisms count were found for sucrose and bovine milk groups compared to the group supplemented only by DMM. Bovine milk group showed greater amount of total aciduric microorganisms in comparison to human milk group. Within the limits of this study, it can be infered that both human and cow milks have some cariogenic potential, although differing from sucrose in terms of mineral loss.

Bacterial factors of cariogenicity (literature review).

OBJECTIVE: Introduction: According to the 2003 WHO report, dental caries affects from 60% to 90% of school-age children and adults that makes it one of the most common diseases worldwide. The aim was to systematize data about the modern conception of plaque formation and role of microorganisms in its development. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and methods: Biblosemantic, 50 medical literature sources were systematically reviewed as the material for the research. RESULTS: Review: According to Miller's theory, oral microorganisms can decompose dietary carbohydrates into acids, which in turn dissolve the calcium phosphates found in the enamel, causing it demineralisation Along with Streptococcus mutans, nowadays some other bacteria as Streptococcus sorbinus, Lactobacillus spp. and Actinomyces spp. have been well studied as caries contributors. However, the disease is related to plaque-mediated, because a much larger number of normal oral microflora representatives are involved in creating favourable preconditions for its development. There are a lot of original research papers about a role of bacteria in caries decay but compositions and characters of oral microflora are changing nowadays. Therefore, authors show the main cariogenic bacteria and their factors of pathogenicity which create special conditions for caries lesions. Modern concepts of dental plaque formation and pathogenesis of plaque-assosiative diseases are presented according to the new actual dental research. A lot of attention is paid to the biochemical properties of cariogenic bacteria and chemical process in biofilm. Role of acid and alkali production by oral bacteria in caries decay are shown in this article. Moreover, mechanisms of bacterial acid-fast and acid-tolerance are presented. CONCLUSION: Conclusions: Analysis of literature demonstrates a lot of bacterial pathogenicity factors which play key role in caries development.

The effect on dental enamel of the frequency of consumption of fluoridated milk with a cariogenic challenge in situ.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect on enamel of varying the frequency of consumption of 1.0 mg F in milk once per day, twice per day or once every other day under cariogenic challenge in situ. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a controlled, randomised, cross-over, single-blind study, 25 subjects wore an intra-oral lower removable appliance with enamel slabs for 21 days during each study arm. Subjects used F-free toothpaste, the cariogenic challenge comprising of five 2 min dippings per day in a 12% sucrose solution. Subjects dipped the appliances in 50 ml of 5.0 ppm fluoridated milk for five minutes during the test period once per day, twice per day, and once every other day and drank 200 ml of the same milk, once per day, twice per day (100 ml each time), or once every other day (200 ml) immediately on re-inserting their appliance in order to replicate topical and systemic effects. Slabs were analysed with surface microhardness (SMH) for protection against further demineralisation and transverse microradiography (TMR) to assess changes in mineralisation. RESULTS: Using SMH, 200 ml of 5.0 ppm F milk once per day was significantly better than 100 ml of 5.0 ppm F twice/day (p < 0.05) and 200 ml once every other day, but not significantly. Using TMR there was a statistically significant difference in mineral loss of enamel between baseline and treatment for all groups, but not between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Drinking 200 ml of 5.0 ppm milk once per day every day protected enamel against further demineralisation whereas all three frequencies were effective in promoting remineralisation.

Analysis of the Cariogenic Potential of Various Almond Milk Beverages using a Streptococcus mutans Biofilm Model in vitro.

To evaluate the cariogenic properties of almond milk beverages, 6 almond milks, along with soy and whole bovine milk, were analyzed for their abilities to support Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation and acid production, and their capacity to buffer changes in pH. Biofilm formation by S. mutans was analyzed using an in vitro 96-well plate model and measured by crystal violet staining. Acid production by S. mutans was evaluated by a colorimetric L-lactate assay and pH measurement of bacterial cultures. Buffering capacity was assessed by a pH titration assay. Soy milk supported the most biofilm growth, while the least was observed with unsweetened almond milk (both p < 0.001). Among almond milks, sucrose-sweetened milk led to the highest level of biofilm formation (p < 0.001), while the least was observed with unsweetened milk (p < 0.05). Sucrose-sweetened almond milk yielded the lowest pH (4.56 ± 0.66), followed by soy milk and bovine milk; the highest pH was with unsweetened almond milk (6.48 ± 0.5). When analyzed by pH titration, the unsweetened almond milk displayed the weakest buffering capacity while bovine milk showed the highest (p < 0.001). These results suggest that the almond milk beverages, except those that are sweetened with sucrose, possess limited cariogenic properties, while soy milk exhibits the most cariogenic potential. As milk alternatives become increasingly popular, dentists must counsel their patients that almond milks, especially sucrose-sweetened varieties, have cariogenic potential. For patients who are lactose-intolerant or suffer from milk allergy, almond milks may be a better alternative than soy-based products.

The role of human milk and sucrose on cariogenicity of microcosm biofilms

Abstract This study investigated the effect of human milk, alone and associated with sucrose, in the cariogenicity of biofilms in a microcosm biofilm model and compared with the cariogenicity of sucrose and bovine milk. Microcosm biofilms were grown in enamel discs in 24-well plates. Six growth conditions were studied: DMM (chemically defined artificial saliva - negative control), DMM with 1% of sucrose (DMM+s) (positive control), human milk with DMM, human milk with DMM+s, bovine milk with DMM, and bovine milk with DMM+s. After 5 days, the outcome variables surface hardness change (%SHC), microbiological composition of biofilms, and pH of supernatant were analyzed. All groups had significantly lower hardness loss compared to the DMM group with 1% of sucrose. Human and bovine milk associated with sucrose showed higher hardness loss. The supernatant pH values after 6 hours of different treatments were similar for the groups sucrose and human milk associated with sucrose (p>0.05). After 18 hours at rest in pure DMM, an increase in the pH of the supernatant was observed. Higher values of total microorganisms count were found for sucrose and bovine milk groups compared to the group supplemented only by DMM. Bovine milk group showed greater amount of total aciduric microorganisms in comparison to human milk group. Within the limits of this study, it can be infered that both human and cow milks have some cariogenic potential, although differing from sucrose in terms of mineral loss.

Effects of Cola-Flavored Beverages and Caffeine on Streptococcus mutans Biofilm Formation and Metabolic Activity.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of cola-flavored beverages and caffeine on growth and metabolism of Streptococcus mutans biofilm. This study was designed to determine if carbonated beverages or caffeine can increase S. mutans growth and biofilm formation and metabolic activity in vitro, potentially leading to increased S. mutans-associated cariogenicity in children that consume them. STUDY DESIGN: Six different cola-flavored products, plus pure caffeine, and pure high fructose corn syrup (HFCS), at different concentrations similar to those in the beverages were tested. A 16-hour culture of S. mutans was treated with different dilutions in bacteriological media. To test for the effect on biofilm formation, the biofilm was stained with crystal violet. The absorbance was determined to evaluate biofilm growth. Biofilm metabolic activity was measured based on biofilm having the ability to reduce XTT to a water-soluble orange compound. RESULTS: The inclusion of HFCS in the beverages, as well as pure HFCS, significantly enhanced bacterial biofilm formation and metabolic activity. Pure caffeine and the presence of caffeine in beverages did not significantly increase biofilm formation, but pure caffeine significantly increased metabolism, and Diet Coke had significantly greater metabolic activity than Caffeine-Free Diet Coke. CONCLUSIONS: HFCS increases both the biofilm formation and metabolism of S. mutans, and caffeine in some cases increases metabolism of S. mutans.

Cariogenic Potential of the commonly Prescribed Pediatric Liquid Medicaments in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: An in vitro Study.

AIM: The aim of this study was to assess the cariogenic potential of the commonly prescribed pediatric liquid medicaments (PLMs) for dental disease in Jazan region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seven most commonly prescribed PLMs were selected by prior questioning the pediatric dentists as well as general dentists in Jazan region. The endogenous pH and sucrose concentrations of the liquid medicaments were assessed. The endogenous pH was assessed by Hanna pH meter instrument. The sucrose concentration was assessed by anthrone reagent method. RESULTS: All the PLM were acidic. The pH of the PLM ranged from 4.22 to 6.10. All the PLM contained sucrose and its concentration ranged from 5.38 to 11.41 gm% in the samples. CONCLUSION: In this study, all the PLM were acidic and contained sucrose. Hence, they have cariogenic potential. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Parents and dentists are unaware of the hidden sugars and cariogenicity of these medications. Strict oral hygiene instructions are mandatory for the children taking these medications. The use of PLM should also be minimized and parents should seek early dental treatment to restore child's oral health.

Association between Type, Amount, and Pattern of Carbohydrate Consumption with Dental Caries in 12-Year-Olds in Puerto Rico.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the types, food sources, and pattern of carbohydrates that significantly contribute to dental caries in Puerto Rican children. METHODS: As part of an island-wide cross-sectional oral health study in 1,587 twelve-year-olds, diet intake was assessed in a representative subset (n = 801) with a 24-hour dietary recall. Carbohydrate intake was quantified using a computer-based diet analysis program. Caries was assessed using the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research diagnostic criteria. Odds ratios were used to associate carbohydrate intake quartiles with caries, after controlling for important confounders. RESULTS: A total of 723 subjects had complete data. Most were females (54%) and attended public schools (77%). The caries prevalence was 33%. The highest quartile intake for the following sugars significantly increased the odds of caries compared to the lowest quartile: total carbohydrates (OR = 1.93, 95% CI = 1.08-3.46), total sugars (OR = 1.88, 95% CI = 1.01-351), sucrose (OR = 2.05, 95% CI = 1.13-3.70), fructose (OR = 1.95, 95% CI = 1.05-3.62), and inositol (OR = 2.52, 95% CI = 1.38-4.63). The main food sources of these sugars were juices, including natural juices with no added sugars, and sweetened beverages. The odds of caries also increased significantly in children whose 10% of total energy intake was from total sugars (OR = 3.76, 95% CI = 1.03-13.7). CONCLUSION: After adjusting for important caries risk factors, total carbohydrates, total sugars, ≥10% kilocaloric energy from total sugars, and sucrose, fructose, and inositol intake significantly increased caries risk. Our findings can help raise awareness about the potential caries risk from the main sources of these sugars, natural fruit juices and sweetened beverages, which are consumed in great quantities in many societies.

Prevention of secondary caries by silver diamine fluoride.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the use of 38% silver diamine fluoride (SDF) as a treatment for preventing secondary caries in glass ionomer cement (GIC) and composite resin (CR) restorations. METHODS: Six extracted human sound premolars were collected. Four cavities (4 × 2 × 2 mm(3) ) were prepared on each premolar and then allocated to the following restoration groups: group 1, SDF conditioning and GIC restoration; group 2, GIC restoration; group 3, SDF conditioning and CR restoration; and group 4, CR restoration. After thermal cycling and sterilisation, the teeth were soaked in a 5% sucrose solution containing Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus for 28 days. Micro-computed tomography was used to study demineralisation. The outer lesion depth (OLD) and wall lesion depth (WLD) of the tooth-restoration interface were measured. The OLD and WLD were directly related to the extent of secondary caries. Two-way analysis of variance was used to analyse the effects of SDF conditioning and restorative materials on OLD. RESULTS: The mean ± standard deviation OLD values were 156 ± 45 µm, 235 ± 33 µm, 153 ± 20 µm and 232 ± 24 µm for groups 1-4, respectively. The OLD was less in restorations with SDF conditioning (P < 0.001) than in those without SDF conditioning. No interaction effect on OLD was found between the restorative materials and SDF conditioning (P = 0.062). The WLD was detected only in groups 3 and 4. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Conditioning with 38% SDF can increase resistance of GIC and CR restorations to secondary caries.

Salud bucodental materno-infantil. ¿Podemos mejorarla? / Maternal and infant oral health care. How do we improve it?

INTRODUCCIÓN: La caries dental es la enfermedad infecciosa más prevalente entre las afecciones crónicas del niño y resulta especialmente grave en los menores de 3 años. Considerando que la salud oral de la madre está directamente relacionada con la de su hijo, el papel de los profesionales que asisten a las mujeres y a sus hijos durante los primeros años de vida es fundamental para la prevención de estas enfermedades. OBJETIVO: Proponer pautas actualizadas para mejorar la salud bucodental de gestantes y niños en la primera infancia. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Búsqueda de información sobre salud oral de la gestante y del niño en la primera infancia en las bases MedlinePlus, PubMed y Cochrane Library, y en guías de salud de diferentes sociedades científicas. RESULTADOS: Entre las principales pautas para mejorar la salud oral materno-infantil se incluyen las siguientes: revisión odontológica y profilaxis en la mujer gestante, uso de flúor tópico en lactantes mayores de 10 meses con alto riesgo de caries, abandono del biberón y chupete como máximo a los 2 años, evitar hábitos de transmisión salival madrehijo, introducir lo más tarde posible los azúcares refinados, evitar el picoteo frecuente (sólido o líquido), usar pasta dental fluorada estándar desde la erupción dental y visita odontológica al año de edad del niño. CONCLUSIÓN: La guía de salud bucal propuesta está basada en la evidencia científica actualizada, y establece pautas comunes para todos los profesionales sanitarios, entre los cuales la matrona desempeña un papel primordial en la prevención

INTRODUCTION: Dental caries is the most infectious prevalent chronic disease in childhood and it's especially severe in children younger than three years old. However, it is a highly preventable disease if some recommendations are followed. Considering that the mother's oral health is directly related with that of her children's, the role of health professionals who assist women and children during their first years of life, is very important on the prevention of the disease. AIM: The aim of this review is to propose guidelines to improve the oral health of pregnant women and children in early childhood. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A research on MedlinePlus, PubMed and Cochrane Library databases was done focusing on pregnant women and infants' oral health. Oral health guidelines of different scientific academies were also consulted. RESULTS: Oral health guidelines for the mother-child pair include: dental exam and prophylaxis for the pregnant woman, use of topical fluoride in breastfed infants older than 10 months old with high caries risk, weaning from the baby bottle and pacifier at 2 years of age, avoiding salivasharing activities, delayed introduction of refined sugars, avoiding constant grazing (solid or liquid), use of standard fluoridated toothpaste since the time of dental eruption and a first dental visit at age one. CONCLUSION: The proposed oral health guideline is based on current scientific evidence and it is common for all the healthcare professionals. The midwife plays a very important role in caries prevention

Relación entre factores de riesgos y caries dental / Relationship between risk factors and dental caries

Introducción: la caries dental ha sido descrita en la literatura científica bajo distintos denominaciones. Actualmente la OMS define a la caries dental como una enfermedad de origen infeccioso que se caracteriza por la destrucción hidrolítica de los tejidos dentarios calcificados, provocadas por la acción química de carácter oxidativo de los ácidos producidos por los microorganismos que integran la placa dental. Objetivo: se realizó una investigación observacional, descriptiva, de tipo transversal, desde septiembre del 2013 a septiembre del 2014, con el objetivo de describir la relación entre factores de riesgo y la caries dental. Método: el universo estuvo conformando por 390 niños, y la muestra 160 niños comprendidos entre las edades de 6 a 8 años de ambos sexos, distribuidos en dos grupos, enfermos y sanos. Resultados: la mayor representación en cuanto a sexo se encontró en el femenino con 105 niñas de 160 examinados para un 65.7 por ciento. En cuanto a la edad el grupo más representativo fue el de 8 años con 60 niños para un 37.5 por ciento. Los varones estuvieron afectados por la enfermedad en mayor porciento con 81.81 por ciento. En el estudio predominaron los enfermos sobre los sanos con 105 de ambos sexos para un 65.62 por ciento. El factor de riesgo, higiene bucal deficiente, alcanzó un predominio de niños enfermos respecto a los sanos, con un total de 85 para un 80.95 por ciento. El comportamiento del factor de riesgo dieta cariogénica, encontramos a 100 niños que presentaron el factor para un 95.23 por ciento. El apiñamiento dentario en los niños estudiados de ambos sexos no fue predominante, en el caso de los niños enfermos estuvo presente en 35 niños para un 33.33 por ciento, lo que indica que también tiene cierta influencia como factor predisponente de la caries dental. Conclusiones: el factor de riesgo más significativo en nuestro estudio, fue la dieta cariogénica(AU)

Introduction: dental caries has been described in the scientific literature with different concepts. At present the WHO establish the dental caries like an infectious disease characterized by hydrolytic destruction of teeth tissues, caused by the oxidative chemical action of the acids produced by microorganism of the dental plaque.Objective: an observational,descriptive, and transversal study was carried out in the period of September2013 to September of 2014 with the objective to describe the relationship between risk factors and dental caries. Method: the universe was made by 390 children, and the sample belonged to 160 children between 6 and 8 years of both genders distributed in to 2 groups:healthy and sick. Results: the greatestrepresentation in regards to sex was found on females with 105 children from 160 examined for a 65.7 percent. According to age, the most representative was the group of 8 years old with a total of 60 childrenfor 37.5 percent. The boys were affected with 81.81 percent. In this study the sick people prevailed over the healthy ones with 105 both sexes for a 65.62 percent. The risk factorand the deficient buccal hygiene reached a prevalence of sick children in relation to the healthy ones with a total of 85 for 80.95 percent. In the behavior of the risk factor cariogenicdiet, we find 100 kids that presented the risk factor for 95.23 percent. Dental crowding or packing in children of both sexes was not predominant. In the case of sick patients, it was present in 35 kids for 33.3 percent indicating that it has influences as a predisposing factor in dental caries. Conclusions:the most significant risk factor in ourstudy was the cariogenic diet. The deficient buccal hygiene was also of great importance because it prevailedin most of the children(EU)

[Stevia in the fight against dental caries]. / Stevia in de strijd tegen cariës.

Stevia is a natural, non-caloric sweetener of plant origin. The sweetening power of stevia is several hundred times larger than that of table sugar (sucrose). On the basis of available research, the European Food Safety Authority concluded that stevia is safe for human consumption. Since then, stevia has been approved as a sweetener for the European market. As a substitute for sucrose, stevia can contribute to a reduced caloric intake and can play a role in the prevention and/or treatment of metabolic disorders. In addition, stevia is non-cariogenic and is, moreover, affordable. Promoting the consumption of stevia can therefore be a preventive means of fighting dental caries.

Effectiveness of a Toothpaste with Low Fluoride Content Combined with Trimetaphosphate on Dental Biofilm and Enamel Demineralization in situ.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to evaluate in situ whether a toothpaste with low fluoride associated with sodium trimetaphosphate (TMP) would provide similar effect to that of a 1,100 ppm F toothpaste. DESIGN: This crossover double-blind study consisted of 4 phases (14 days each), during which 10 volunteers wore oral appliances containing 4 enamel bovine blocks. The cariogenic challenge was performed by the application of a 20% sucrose solution (6×/day). The toothpaste treatments (2×/day) were: placebo, 500 ppm F, 500 ppm F plus 1% TMP, and 1,100 ppm F. At the end, enamel mineral loss and biofilm composition were analyzed. RESULTS: The toothpaste with 500 ppm F plus 1% TMP showed the lowest mineral loss (p < 0.05). Regarding the fluoride and calcium concentrations in the enamel and in the biofilm, there were no significant differences between 500 ppm F plus 1% TMP, and 1,100 ppm F toothpastes (p > 0.569), but they were significantly different when compared to toothpaste with 500 ppm F (p < 0.050). CONCLUSION: The addition of 1% TMP to a low-fluoride toothpaste reduces enamel demineralization in situ similar to a 1,100 ppm F toothpaste.

Evaluating the cariogenic potential of flavored milk: an experimental study using rat model.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate and to compare the cariogenic potential of different commonly consumed favored milk on caries development in rat's molar teeth. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty Sprague-Dawley rats infected with an active growing culture of Streptococcus mutans were offered chocolate favored milk, strawberry favored milk, banana favored milk, plain milk, sweetened plain milk with 5% sucrose, and 10% sucrose ad libitum. RESULTS: Rats consuming favored milk developed significantly lower sulcal and smooth surface caries scores than rats consuming 10% sucrose. However, rats consuming plain milk developed significantly lower sulcal and smooth surface caries scores than animals consuming favored or sweetened plain milk except for chocolate favored milk. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that favored milk containing 5% sucrose showed a moderate cariogenic potential. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Although the overall results suggest that the cariogenic potential of favored milk is moderate and despite their nutritional value, occasional consumption of favored milk as a beverage might be accepted with caution. Parents, dental practitioners and other healthcare professionals should be aware of the cariogenicity of favored milk. They should keenly encourage the use of plain milk and discourage the use of any cariogenic drink which has a deleterious effect on teeth.

Modificación de conocimientos sobre salud bucal en adolescentes de la Secundaria Básica Orlando Fernández Badell / Modification to knowledge on oral health in adolescents from Orlando Fernández Badell high school

Se realizó una intervención educativa en 40 estudiantes de la Secundaria Básica Orlando Fernández Badell de Santiago de Cuba seleccionados por muestro aleatorio simple , de enero a julio del 2014, a fin de modificar sus conocimientos sobre salud bucal. En los adolescentes se efectuó un examen bucal y se aplicó un cuestionario, antes y después de presentar el programa de actividades educativas, que garantizó la motivación y el incremento significativo de los conocimientos sobre los aspectos abordados (95,0 por ciento). En el estudio se obtuvo que la mayoría de los jóvenes desconocían información necesaria acerca de la higiene bucal y la dieta cariogénica; de modo que la actividad educativa desarrollada fue oportuna y efectiva, pues aportó excelentes resultados en la transformación de los conocimientos sobre salud bucal(AU)

An educational intervention in 40 students from Orlando Fernández Badell high-school in Santiago de Cuba selected through single random sampling , from January to July, 2014 was carried out in order to modify their knowledge on oral health. In the adolescents an oral examination was made and a questionnaire was applied, before and after presenting the program of educational activities which guaranteed the motivation and the significant increment of the knowledge on the aspects under study (95.0 percent). In the study it was obtained that most of the students ignored necessary information related to the oral hygiene and the cariogenic diet; so the developed educational activity was opportune and effective, because it provided excellent results in the transformation of the knowledge on oral health(AU)

Association between knowledge of caries preventive practices, preventive oral health habits of parents and children and caries experience in children resident in sub-urban Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: The objectives of this study were to assess the association between children and parents' knowledge of caries preventive practices, the parents' caries preventive oral health behaviours and children's caries preventive oral health behaviour and caries experience. METHOD: Three hundred and twenty four participants aged 8-12 years, 308 fathers and 318 mothers were recruited through a household survey conducted in Suburban Nigeria. A questionnaire was administered to generate information on fathers, mothers and children's knowledge of caries prevention measures and their oral health behaviour. Clinical examination was conducted on the children to determine their dmft/DMFT. Analysis was conducted to determine the predictors of the children's good oral health behaviour. RESULT: The mothers' oral health behaviours were significant predictors of the children's oral health behaviours. Children who had good knowledge of caries prevention measures had significant increased odds of brushing their teeth twice daily or more. The children's caries prevalence was 13.9%, the mean dmft was 0.2 and the mean DMFT was 0.09. None of the dependent variables could predict the presence of caries in children. CONCLUSION: The study highlights the effect of maternal oral health behaviour on the oral health behaviour of children aged 8 years to 12 years in suburban Nigeria. A pilot study is needed to evaluate how enhanced maternal preventive oral health practices can improve the oral health preventive practices of children.

Influence of the number of adhesive layers on adhesive interface properties under cariogenic challenge using streptococcus mutans.

PURPOSE: To test the hypothesis that the number of adhesive layers influences the adhesive interface properties under cariogenic challenge conditions using a Streptococcus mutans model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Bovine teeth (n = 90) were sectioned into blocks of 5 mm and divided into two groups for microleakage testing (n = 60) and tensile bond strength testing (n = 30). In each group, the samples were subdivided into subgroups according to the number of adhesive layers applied on the dentin: one (SB1), two (SB2), and three adhesive layers (SB3). The samples of the control groups were placed in BHI broth medium supplemented with 2% sucrose without microorganisms, and the experimental groups were submitted to Streptococcus mutans American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) for 5 days. For the tensile strength test, samples were sectioned into 1-mm-thick slices and submitted to a constant load of 0.5 mm/min in a universal testing machine. Fractured surfaces were analyzed and characterized as adhesive, cohesive, or mixed. The microleakage test was performed with silver nitrate solution. RESULTS: In experimental groups, the tensile test revealed a statistically significant difference between the one- (18.59 ± 5.3) and three-layer (11.28 ± 5.0) groups (p < 0.001; ANOVA and Tukey's test). The adhesive failure mode was slightly more frequent in the one- (60%) and three-layer (80%) adhesive application groups. On the other hand, the microleakage levels of all experimental groups were statistically similar (Kruskal-Wallis; p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The experimental conditions influenced tensile properties and failure modes of different adhesive interfaces; however, they did not influence microleakage.

Parental views on delivering preventive advice to children referred for treatment of dental caries under general anaesthesia: a qualitative investigation.

OBJECTIVES: To: 1, Explore opinions of parents of children undergoing caries treatment under general anaesthesia (GA) regarding delivery of oral health advice; 2, Discover current oral health practices and beliefs; 3, Inform further research and action. METHODS: Qualitative study using semi-structured interviews and thematic data analysis, sampling parents of children aged 3-10 years undergoing GA tooth extraction due to dental caries. RESULTS: Twenty nine parents were interviewed (mean age 38.9 years, range 28-50, sd 6.4). The mean age of their children was seven years (range 3-10, sd 2.1). All children required deciduous tooth extractions (5.1 teeth on average). Those that also required permanent tooth extractions had on average 2.1 permanent teeth extracted. Many parents knew the importance of oral hygiene and sugar limitation, describing it as 'general knowledge' and 'common sense'. However, few understood that fruit juice is potentially cariogenic. Parenting challenges seemed to restrict their ability to control the child's diet and establish oral hygiene. Many reported not previously receiving oral health advice and reported never having fluoride varnish applied. There were requests for more caries prevention information and advice via the internet, schools or video games. CONCLUSION: Parental oral health knowledge, parenting skills, and previous advice received seem to all be issues related to the oral health of those children. Providing advice, especially in respect to fruit juice cariogenicity and the benefits of fluoride application through a child-friendly website, including a video game, as well as the use of school programmes might be an acceptable approach.

Comparative evaluation of cariogenic and erosive potential of commonly prescribed pediatric liquid medicaments: an in vitro study.

INTRODUCTION: Liquid oral medicines being the most accepted form of medication in children are frequently prescribed. The harmful effects of these liquid medicaments on a child's dental health are not known to many. The present study aimed to evaluate and compare the cariogenic and erosive potential of 5 most commonly prescribed pediatric liquid medicaments (PLM) in Pimpri Chinchwad and Pune city, Pune district. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Most commonly prescribed PLM in Pune district were selected as opined by 50 pediatricians. The selected medicaments were Syr. Augmentin® Duo, Syr. Valparin®, Syr. Combiflam®, Syr. Visyneral and Syr. Orofer®. An estimation of pH, percentage of sucrose concentration and calcium dissolving capacity of these preparations was carried out. The results as obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS v 17.0 for windows. The statistical test as undertaken was Pearson's correlation coeffcient(r). RESULTS: Sucrose was seen to be present in Syr. Combiflam® (35.75% ± 0.25%) and Syr. Visyneral (18.48% ± 0.43%). Acidic pH was observed for Syr. Visyneral (mean pH 3.63 ± 0.04), Syr. Combiflam®(mean pH 5.03 ± 0.02) and Syr. Augmentin® (mean pH 6.22 ± 0.02). Highest calcium dissolution was seen with Syr. Combiflam®(295.86 mg/ml) and the least with Syr. Orofer® (25.51 mg/ml). No statistical significant correlation was observed with calcium dissolution potential of PLM in comparison with their respective pH. CONCLUSION: Syr. Combiflam® can be regarded as the highest cariogenic and erosive potential medicament among the compared and tested PLM. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Considering syrups with high cariogenic and erosive potential should always follow with proper oral hygiene practices or search for an alternative drugs void of such detrimental effects.